The UK Is Turning Former Coal Mines Into a New Source of Clean Energy

Across the UK, a remarkable transformation is underway: long-abandoned coal mines are being repurposed into geothermal energy hubs. Supported by both government initiatives and private investment, the first wave of mine-water geothermal projects is already coming online—signalling a major shift in how we heat our homes and businesses.

From Coal to Clean Heat

Thousands of disused mines across the UK are naturally flooded, and the water inside can reach temperatures of around 20°C. Mine Water Geothermal Heat (MWGH) systems tap into this resource, using heat exchangers and pumps to distribute low-carbon warmth through district heating networks.

With heating responsible for 40% of the UK’s total energy use—and traditional gas boilers contributing up to 18% of national emissions—geothermal mine heat presents a scalable and sustainable alternative.

A recent report suggests that up to a quarter of UK homes sit above areas suitable for MWGH, offering huge potential for affordable, low-carbon heating. According to co-author Simone Abram, the technology could scale rapidly within five years with the right policy support and local governance.

Revitalising Former Mining Communities

Beyond environmental considerations, geothermal mine projects could play a vital role in regional regeneration. Developing MWGH infrastructure requires skills in drilling, engineering, and operations—creating new employment opportunities in communities historically shaped by coal.

The report stresses the importance of community engagement, noting that local support is essential to unlocking the economic and environmental benefits of these projects.

Early Projects Are Showing What’s Possible

The Mining Remediation Authority (MRA)—formerly the Coal Authority—is leading the way:

• Ammanford, Wales: The UK’s first operational MWGH project now heats a warehouse using water pumped from the Lindsay pit.
• County Durham: Construction began this spring at the Dawdon mine, where a geothermal system will supply clean heat to new housing, a school, a village centre, and innovation hubs for the next 40 years.
• Gateshead: The MRA has also launched the world’s first Mine Water Heat Living Laboratory to study how multiple geothermal schemes can operate together across a region.

While some proposed projects, such as a 2021 scheme in Bridgend, have faced delays due to cost concerns, the Welsh Government continues to highlight mine-water heat as a key contributor to achieving net-zero.

Removing Barriers to Unlock a New Energy Sector

Despite promising early momentum, regulatory complexity and high upfront costs continue to slow progress. Updating energy regulations—and introducing grants or low-interest financing—could accelerate private investment and help establish geothermal mine heating as a major part of the UK’s clean-energy mix.

A New Chapter for the UK’s Energy Landscape

Repurposing disused coal mines for geothermal heating offers a rare opportunity to reduce emissions, support energy security, revitalise communities, and create a new low-carbon industry—all using existing underground infrastructure.

With the potential to supply clean heat to up to 25% of the population, geothermal mine projects represent one of the UK’s most promising paths toward a sustainable energy future.